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Far Right Actors in Latin America a Classification

by Zoe Bosshard and Philipp Kerler

Note. This table contains a comprehensive list of far-right actors, i.e., actors who have been described as far right by scholars or political commentators. The list is as inclusive as possible, including debatable entries. Characteristics are classified according to the group theory of the far right, presented in the chapter "The Far Right in Latin America: Between Political Illiberalism and Economic Liberalism". Category 1 records whether the actor is characterized as illiberal and/or anti-pluralist (a negative assessment leads the group theory to reject the actor as far right, though the actor may still be illiberal/anti-pluralist without having been described as such). Category 2 collects characteristics defining in-groups and out-groups. Category 3 collects instrumental characteristics. The table is a perpetual work in progress, regularly maintained on the author's website. Credit for collecting most of the information presented in this table goes to Zoe Bosshard, many thanks! Last updated: 03/06/2026.
ActorCountryCategory 1Category 2Category 3
Illiberal / anti-pluralist? In-group / out-group characteristics Instrumental characteristics
1 Javier MileiArgentina Illiberal and anti-pluralist 39, 57 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 39, 57 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, economic liberalism, moderate law and order 39, 57
2 CreemosBolivia Mixed findings 55, 5, 4 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, regionalism 5, 4 Moderate authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 5, 4
3 Jeanine AnezBolivia Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 36, 54 Authoritarianism, moderate economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 36, 54
4 Partido Demócrata CristianoBolivia Neither illiberal nor anti-pluralist 55, 33, 30 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals 33, 30 Moderate economic liberalism, moderate law and order 30, 33
5 Jair BolsonaroBrazil Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 59, 9, 13 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 59, 9, 13
6 Partido Renovador Trabalhista BrasileiroBrazil Illiberal, anti-pluralist unclear 56, 47 Nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 56, 47, 44 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 56, 47, 44
7 Partido de Reedificação da Ordem NacionalBrazil Illiberal and anti-pluralist 56, 32 Nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 56, 32 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, militarism, law and order 56, 32
8 Aliança Renovadora NacionalBrazil Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 56, 35, 38 Authoritarianism, moderate economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 56, 35, 38
9 Partido Progressista BrasileiroBrazil Neither illiberal nor anti-pluralist 55, 12, 26 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 12, 26, 56 Moderate authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate law and order 12, 26, 56
10 RepublicanosBrazil Neither illiberal nor anti-pluralist 55, 12, 1 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 12, 1 Moderate authoritarianism, welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, moderate law and order 12, 1
11 Partido Social LiberalBrazil Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 20, 56, 5 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 20, 56, 5
12 José Antonio KastChile Illiberal and anti-pluralist 39, 46 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 39, 46 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 39, 46
13 Unión Demócrata IndependienteChile Neither illiberal nor anti-pluralist 55, 41, 28 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 41, 28 Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 41, 28
14 Partido Centro DemocráticoColombia Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 5, 38 Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 5, 38
15 Partido Opción CiudadanaColombia Illiberal, anti-pluralist unclear 5 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 5 Authoritarianism, moderate economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 5
16 Partido Conservador ColombianoColombia Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals 27, 8 Moderate authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 27, 8
17 Colombia Justa LibresColombia Illiberal, anti-pluralist unclear 17, 53 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals 17, 53 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 17, 53
18 Partido Restauración NacionalCosta Rica Mixed findings 55, 52, 10 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 52, 10 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 52, 10
19 Partido Integración NacionalCosta Rica Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55, 31, 48 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 31, 48 Moderate authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 31, 48
20 Nayib BukeleEl Salvador Illiberal and anti-pluralist 59, 60 Nationalism, moderate conservatism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 50, 60 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 50, 60
21 Gran Alianza por la Unidad NacionalEl Salvador Mixed findings 55, 23, 34, 37 Nationalism, moderate conservatism, moderate anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, moderate regionalism 23, 34, 37 Moderate authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 23, 34, 37
22 Carlos Castillo ArmasGuatemala Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 45, 2 Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 45, 2
23 VALORGuatemala Mixed findings 55, 42, 29 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 42, 29 Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 42, 29
24 Movimiento Democrático NacionalGuatemala Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate regionalism 51, 28 Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 51, 28
25 Partido PatriotaGuatemala Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nationalism, conservatism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 6, 51 Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 6, 51
26 Frente de Convergencia NacionalGuatemala Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 40, 51 Authoritarianism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 40, 51
27 Visión con Valores (ViVa)Guatemala Illiberal, not anti-pluralist 55, 3, 51 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 3, 51 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 3, 51
28 Parti de l’unité nationaleHaiti Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 43, 58 Authoritarianism, militarism, law and order 43, 58
29 Partido Encuentro SocialMexico Mixed findings 55, 22, 5 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 22, 5 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 22, 5
30 Unión Nacional SinarquistaMexico Illiberal and anti-pluralist 19, 28, 35 Nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 19, 28, 35 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 19, 28, 35
31 Partido UNACEParaguay Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 16, 5 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 16, 5
32 Renovación PopularPeru Illiberal and anti-pluralist 15, 5 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, class appeals, regionalism 15, 5 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 15, 5
33 Alberto FujimoriPeru Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nationalism, moderate conservatism, anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 5, 14 Authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 5, 14
34 Keiko FujimoriPeru Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Moderate nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, moderate regionalism 49, 21 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, economic liberalism, moderate militarism, law and order 49, 21
35 Rafael López AliagaPeru Illiberal and anti-pluralist 18, 28 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, moderate xenophobia, moderate religious fundamentalism, anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 18, 28 Authoritarianism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 18, 28
36 Fuerza PopularPeru Illiberal and anti-pluralist 55 Nationalism, conservatism, moderate religious fundamentalism, moderate anti-elitism, class appeals, regionalism 5, 24 Authoritarianism, moderate economic liberalism, law and order 5, 24
37 Guido Manini RíosUruguay Illiberal and anti-pluralist (anti-pluralist less clear) 39, 7 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, regionalism 39, 7 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 39, 7
38 Cabildo AbiertoUruguay Illiberal and anti-pluralist 7, 11 Moderate nativism, nationalism, conservatism, anti-elitism, moderate class appeals, regionalism 7, 11 Moderate authoritarianism, moderate welfare-chauvinism, moderate economic liberalism, militarism, law and order 7, 11

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